Water Pollution Causes and Climate Impacts

Chemical water pollution Water pollution is the existence of certain substances in water sources that makes it unsuitable for consumption by man and animals. Major sources of water can sustain and get rid o small amounts of wastes. However, pollution occurs depending on the amount of toxin released as well as the amount of water available.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Water Pollution Causes and Climate Impacts specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instance, a small amount of chemical released into an ocean will have little effect, but the same amount of chemical would have a larger effect if released into a lake. Human activities have been the major cause of water pollution worldwide with the major cause of water pollution originating from industries where chemicals used in production of different materials are released into the atmosphere as smoke which later falls back as rain on the surface and eventually i nto rivers and lakes. Improper sewage and waste water disposal has also contributed largely to water pollution especially in highly populated cities which lack basic hygiene. Poor construction of sewage systems causes these wastes to find their way into lakes, rivers and eventually into the sea. Consumption of this polluted water results to illnesses such as diarrhea. The most effective way of solving water pollution problem is treating all waste water and sewage waste before pumping them into the sea. Sewage wastes are natural substances and therefore should be completely broken down into harmless compounds before disposing them into the sea (Glennon, 2010, 1). Most sewage disposals consist of toilet wastes which may cause serious illnesses such as typhoid especially when it is from people infected with viruses. Treatment of waste water before disposal would ensure the safety of citizens by providing them clean and fresh water for consumption. The biggest percentage of sewage waste consists of water, treating the wastes for recycling would help in maintaining a constant supply of water. Pesticide water pollution Pesticides contain chemical elements that are used in preventing infections by pests either in plants or in animals. Although pesticides are advantageous to farmers, they always pose a threat to water resources. This is because only a small amount of the pesticides that is applied is actually used. The rest of it falls out to the atmosphere and eventually finds their way into water reservoirs as they get washed away by rain water down into lakes and rivers and finally into the sea. Industries manufacturing these pesticides may as well dispose solid wastes containing pesticide residues which end up being washed by rain water and into the nearest water bodies. Pesticides may as well be used in water bodies to destroy algae and hence polluting the water (Stier, 2010, 1).Advertising Looking for report on environmental studies? Let's see if we can hel p you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Pesticides have been found to kill all the fish population in any water body. Other types of pesticides that are applied to water bodies to destroy wild organisms such as algae may destroy aquatic plants which may result to reduced or depleted food supply for the fishes. When these plants are killed, they start rotting, a process which may cause reduced oxygen amount in the water. Water sources that are enriched with pesticides have been found to delay the development of tadpoles into frogs. In order to avoid the possible effects of pesticides water pollution, it is advisable to use them only when there is the need to do so. Practicing the use pesticides when there is no rain can be quite helpful in preventing washing of these chemicals into water bodies. Users should be careful when administering these chemicals to ensure that they only apply the recommended amount. Proper disposal of all unused pesticides as well as cont ainers is essential to prevent leaching of the chemicals during rainy season. Farmers are, as well, encouraged to use organic manure which only requires natural materials to be produced (Singh, 2010, 1). Crop rotation is also important in preventing chemical runoffs from the farm. All these efforts would help keep water safe for human and animal consumption as well as maintaining a natural population of the aquatic habitats. Oil and petroleum pollution Liquid petroleum can be released into the environment by human activities especially in oil transportation and production. Spills may also occur naturally as oil blowouts (Embach, 2010, 1). Both sources contribute to large volumes of oil into the sea and other water bodies. Large oil spills can cause death to aquatic organisms with the most affected being the birds. Smaller volumes of oil spills do no necessary kill the organisms but reduce their feeding rates leading to low growth rates as well as reduced reproductive rates. Ability of the affected animals to resist diseases can also be reduced decreasing survival ability of the organism. Prevention of oil spills could be largely contributed by consumers by using petroleum properly to avoid any leaks from equipments. Climate change Climate impacts on water demand Global warming has caused a lot of changes in climate patterns worldwide. These climate changes affect the demand for water especially in countries which depend on rain water for domestic use, farming and in industrial productions. Citizens would, therefore, have increased demand for water from other resources other than rainfall. The reinforcement of water supplies such as dams and other reservoirs requires high costs due to inadequacy of resources. Human activities that may lead to global warming such as burning of fossil fuels should be avoided to prevent loss of rainfall thus ensuring a constant natural supply of water (Pizyborski, 2010, 1). This way, public funds will be used in other development projects and the natural environment will be preserved as well.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Water Pollution Causes and Climate Impacts specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Climate impacts on water supply A change in climate will definitely affect water supply. A lot of human activities have caused global warming which in return alters climate especially rainfall patterns and amount (Riebeek, 2010, 1). Since most people rely on rain water, they end up lacking adequate supply of water. This would call for other sources of water which may only supply limited amounts which may not be adequate for the user’s needs especially for the farmers. Low productivity will be experienced in such situations. Practicing human activities that do not provoke climate changes would be helpful in preventing inadequate water supply. This would ensure constant production in farms as well as in factories. Effects of urban growth on water resources Change in water quality Population in urban areas has been increasing as people move to towns in search for job opportunities. Urbanization has increased the rate at which runoffs are released into water bodies. Large volumes of sediments are being disposed in water bodies most of which are not suitable for water users. The quality of water is therefore reduced especially due to residues from factories and domestic waste water from toilets. These residues may increase the temperature of water this increasing water pollution. If this water is consumed, people may get diseases such as typhoid and diarrhea. Proper disposal of domestic and industrial wastes in urban areas would prevent the destruction of water quality in nearby water bodies. Decrease in water bodies The increased demand for water in urban areas has caused the complete depletion of water in many water sources. Misuse of water may as well result to destruction of water bodies. Lack of maintenance in wa ter resources also causes depletion of water where residents only use it without putting efforts to conserve some for the future. The effect of decreased water bodies will be later felt when the supply of water gets inadequate. Better uses of water and conservation efforts are important in maintaining water sources for future use. Increase in water demand As the population in urban areas increases, so does the demand for water. The need for electricity for the growing population in many urban areas where water is used to produce energy raises the demand for water in such towns (Marsalek, 2007, 1). There is also the need to supply water to the many homes for household use. This problem could be solved by controlling the rural to urban migration in order to keep a maintainable population of citizens in the urban areas. A minimal population would be much easier to provide with adequate water supplies.Advertising Looking for report on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reference List Embach, C. (2010). Oil Spills: Impact on the Ocean. Retrieved from, http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/Oc-Po/Oil-Spills-Impact-on-the-Ocean.html Glennon, R. (2010). Solutions to water crisis. Retrieved from, http://uanews.org/node/24810 Marsalek, J. (2007). Threats to water supply and risk management. Retrieved from, http://www.springerlink.com/content/w4734352p023tr45 Pizyborski, P. (2010). Global Warming. Retrieved from, http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/GlobalWarming/ Riebeek, H. (2010). Global warming. Retrieved from, http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/GlobalWarming Singh, P. (2010). How pesticides cause water pollution. Retrieved from, http://ezinearticles.com/?How-Pesticides-Cause-Water-Pollutionid=5119571 Stier, J. (2010). The facts about pesticides and runoff. Retrieved from, http://www.grounds-mag.com/mag/grounds_maintenance_running/ This report on Water Pollution Causes and Climate Impacts was written and submitted by user Shelby Becker to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

WaterGate essays

WaterGate essays President Ricmard M. Nixon is refereed to as one of the most controversial presidents in the history of the United States of America. He is synonymous with this title, because of his involvement in the great "Watergate" scandal. It all started with the election of 1972, Nixon's bid for a second term of presidency. In his attempt at re-election, Nixon took on a different strategy than any other re-election campaign of the past. Instead of using the usual Republican National Committee for re-election, President Nixon divided his campaign into two separate committees. These two committees were named , the Committee for re-election of the president, headed by Attorney General , John Mitchell, and the finance committee to re-elect the president, headed by Secretary of Commerce, Maurice Stans. "Together these committees managed to raise over sixty million dollars for the president' campaign." (Sam J. Ervin, The Whole Truth, pg.36) The work of these two committees enabled Nixon to defeat democrat nominee, George S. McGovern, by a landslide. This decision, by Nixon, would, in the future prove to be the beginning of the end for a good old "Tricky Dick". In his second term, Nixon was known to be positively involved with foreign affairs. "For example, he worked out an agreement with Vietnam to order a stoppage of the war and commence a prisoner exchange program in 1973." (World Book, Nixon, Vol 17) Also in 1973, he worked hard to improve relations with China. His attempts allowed us to open diplomatic office in their capital and they in ours. His events at home also included many positive His major accomplishment was ending the military draft in 1973. Many of his efforts were thwarted by his inability to work cooperatively with congress. This began with his refusal to approve of a program, spending billions of dollars on projects created by congress. "In return, they refused to support his bombing ...

Reaction paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reaction - Research Paper Example oremost, chapter five champions the theme of the myth and reality of Portland’s engaged citizenry and process.Apparently, in the 1950’s there was minimal civic involvement in matters pertaining to planning and development. On that note, this can be attributed to the fact that not many people were literate thus could not participate actively in matters pertaining to planning in the town. However, over the years the civic involvement has rapidly increased. In addition to that, this can be because there has been tremendous increase in literacy levels among the pubic and thus aware of their duty in the development of the town. Furthermore, the book also documents the other factor that has led to the increased civic involvement, is the innovations made in terms of technology. In fact, it is worth noting that the innovations for instance radio have played an important role in creating awareness regarding matters of development and planning of the towns strategies. Evidently, the increased civic involvement has served to boost the live of the people thus is widely accepted among the population. Evidently, drawing basis from the book, the author documents the reason as to this happening is due to the fact of corruption and mismanagement of funds. Apparently, as a result of the actions of the leadership body of the town, the cost of housing among other basic requirements. On that note, this was able to inhibit the growth of this town. It is worth noting that the residents who moved into Portland were characterised by diversity in their culture for instance religion among other differences thus the need for representation in matters pertaining the town. Evidently, through the aid of protest groups they were able to address their grievance and consequently, they were able to get a representative to the towns leadership thus increased the civic involvement of the minority group in matters of planning and development. Subsequently, this representative was mandated with

Wynn Las Vegas Environmental Analysis Assignment

Wynn Las Vegas Environmental Analysis - Assignment Example Growing number of visitors provides an opportunity to Wynn Las Vegas. For example, they can offer more creative, luxurious, economical and mesmerizing hospitality services to the potential clients for Wynn Resorts. For example, they can offer additional concession or attached offer if a new client first time avails and enjoys the hospitality services in the Resort. Switch, Las Vegas-based technology firm, plans to create more jobs in Las Vegas by bringing more technological investment to Las Vegas (Komenda, 2015). This increase would directly benefit to hospitality firms, such as Wynn Resorts, as the availability of the latest technology will enable them to access more customer data and that data can be further processed for churning out the customer trends which can be used to increase the frequency of customers by looking into their tastes, choices and expectations from the firms operating in the hospitality industry. Technology offers faster and greater access to information. For example, faster and greater access to information will enable the potential customers to choose the most economical offer and rate. And this could lead to decrease in occupancy ratio. Nightlife has become a modern trend in Las Vegas. It has become a common habit of residents and visitors to enjoy nightlife in Las Vegas as many entertainment places are open throughout night. And this trend has become a cultural part of Las Vegas. Wynn Resorts should avail this new trend of nightlife structure by providing attractive entertainment services and offers to the current and potential customers. For example, double offer can be provided in which availing and paying for one service would bring access to the attached service with that purchase. Through this double offer, Wynn can increase its occupancy ratio and can attract more clients. Porter’s five forces model is consisted of threat of substitutes, bargaining power of buyers, suppliers,

ASSIGNMENT Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Assignment Example Power can be divided into five categories. The types of power may therefore include reward power, coercive power, legitimate power, expert power and referent power. The proportions of the powers can differ in managers depending on aspects such as experience, age, expertise, skills among others. Therefore, although Bill Thompson might possess all the types of the powers, their proportion greatly differs. For instance, Yukl points out that even though the base salaries of the employees are set by the company, Bill can play a major role in influencing the â€Å"size of an employee’s annual merit rise† (521). Bill therefore possesses high amount of reward power, since he can influence the performance of employees by increasing their annual merit rise. In addition, Bill also possesses legitimate power. Bill has the ability to decide on whether to suspend or fire the employees who are performing poorly in the organization. However, he needs the approval of the regional manager to do so. This therefore implies that Bill does not possess full legitimate power since the decision to suspend and fire employees is also dependent on another person. Comparatively, Bill also has high levels of expert power. The decisions concerning the store arrangement and price assortment are determined by the headquarters office (Yukl 521), however, Bill can exercise his expertise to influence or affect the store performance to a limited extend. This implies that Bill’s expertise power is limited to his area of work. Managers could employ the use of many different tactics to influence their employees. How a manager relates with the employees could be an important factor on the success or failure of an organization. Managers can use strategies such as constructive feedback, behavior molding, and reviewing performance, among others to influence the performance of employees. Bill

Overview of Tourette Syndrome

Overview of Tourette Syndrome Nikki Allen Tourette Syndrome (TS) is a neurological disorder characterized by involuntary motor tics and, sometimes, vocal tics (Walkup, 2013). The syndrome is named after the French medical scholar, Gilles de la Tourette. In 1885, Gilles de la Tourette published an article in the medical journal, Archives de Neurologie, which described â€Å"a bizarre neurological condition that he referred to as ‘maladie des tics’ (Kevin St. P. McNaught, 2010).† In more recent times, researchers have theorized that the disorder has origins in the basal ganglia; specifically in the caudate nucleus area. In Tourette syndrome, the neurotransmitter, dopamine is produced in excess in the nerve cells, causing the caudate nucleus to be inundated with the extra dopamine. This excess causes a reduction in the messages regarding motor control sent from the brain to the other parts of the body creating spurts of involuntary movement. Researchers surmise that the tics are the brain’s method of compensating for and correcting the chemical imbalance the body is experiencing. Other researchers have attributed the uncontrolled motor movements to an underdevelopment of serotonin and norepinephrine (Brill, 2002). Tourette syndrome is believed to be hereditary. It has also been suggested that environmental conditions and infections may play a role in the development of Tourette syndrome, but more research is needed to either prove or disprove that theory (Kevin St. P. McNaught, 2010). For an individual to be diagnosed with Tourette syndrome, the following criteria must be met, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5): have two or more motor tics (for example, blinking or shrugging the shoulders) and at least one vocal tic (for example, humming, clearing the throat, or yelling out a word or phrase), although they might not always happen at the same time. have had tics for at least a year. The tics can occur many times a day (usually in bouts) nearly every day, or off and on. have tics that begin before he or she is 18 years of age. have symptoms that are not due to taking medicine or other drugs or due to having another medical condition (for example, seizures, Huntington disease, or postviral encephalitis) (CDC, 2014). Typically, individuals will begin to show signs of Tourette syndrome in early childhood. As the individual ages, other more complex motor tics, and sometimes vocal tics, appear (Samuel H. Zinner, 2014). Tics can be classified as simple or complex. Simple motor tics involve movement of only one body part. Examples include neck twisting, eye blinking, leg jerking, and finger flexing. Complex motor tics involve more than one muscle group. Examples include leaping, twirling, touching other people or things, and biting oneself. Simple vocal tics involve moving air through the nose or mouth to create a noise. Examples include tongue clicking, whistling, throat clearing, and sniffing. Complex vocal tics involve multiple noises or words. Examples include repeating the same phrase as someone else, repeating the last sound or word multiple times, and the less common vocal tic of swearing or using obscenities (Brill, 2002). â€Å"A Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) study has found that 1 of every 360 children 6 through 17 years of age and living in the United States have been diagnosed with TS based on parent report; this represents about 138,000 children. Other studies using different methods have estimated the rate of TS at 1 per 162 children (CDC, Data Statistics, 2014).† All ethnic groups can be affected by the disorder. Males tend to be affected five times more often than females. Diagnosis occurs more frequently in the 12-17 year old range. Caucasians have twice as many occurrences than Hispanic Americans or African Americans (CDC, Data Statistics, 2014). 90% of individuals with Tourette syndrome have other comorbid conditions, such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD), Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), anxiety, mood or sleep disorders, and learning disabilities (Samuel H. Zinner, 2014). Two approaches are commonly used once the diagnosis of Tourette syndrome has been made: the behavioral approach and the medication approach. In the behavioral approach, the therapists concentrate on Habit Reversal Training (HRT) or Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention for Tics (CBIT). HRT has the most success in adults because its success depends on the person’s awareness of their tics in general, as well as, the sensation just prior to the tic occurring. In HRT, the individual can initiate a competing response to either lessen the appearance of the tic or inhibit the tic from occurring altogether (Martin L. Kutscher, 2014). For example, if the person has a wrist flexion tic, they can perform and sustain a wrist extension until the tic urge passes (Samuel H. Zinner, 2014). Adults have had the most success with HRT because they are more aware of their bodies due to their maturity level. Therapists do not typically try to use this technique with young children. CBIT is consider ed a more comprehensive behavioral approach because it combines education, relaxation techniques, and an individualized approach of recognizing lifestyle factors that exasperate the frequency of tics. This approach has had success in both adults and children. The major drawback to the behavioral approach is the fact that the benefits are not immediate and that it takes commitment from and maturity of the patient to see the most benefits. (Martin L. Kutscher, 2014). In the medication approach, doctors prescribe medications to treat only the symptoms, since there is no medication that will cure Tourette syndrome nor eliminate tics entirely. Catapres and Tenex are most often prescribed when starting a drug therapy program. These drugs can also be helpful with managing ADHD, anxiety, and insomnia. Other medications, such as Risperdal, Orap, Haldol, and Klonopin, can be prescribed for more severe tics. Most medication trials have been performed on adults and the use of these drugs in children are considered off-label, but some younger individuals have had success with drug therapy. Some drawbacks to the medication approach are: unpleasant side effects, difficulty with compliance in regards to patients actually taking their medication, and lack of response from the medication itself in controlling tics (Samuel H. Zinner, 2014). Occupational therapists can contribute to the treatment of Tourette syndrome. The occupational therapist can treat the patient using HBT and CBIT techniques. Education of Tourette syndrome for the patient and caregiver should be addressed prior to any OT intervention. An occupational therapist can help a patient to identify and emphasize their strengths rather than focus on the shame and social stigma that often accompanies movement disorders or vocal tics (Samuel H. Zinner, 2014). Other areas an OT can work on with the patient are: deep breathing and relaxation techniques, guided imagery, and progressive muscle relaxation. Implementing a home exercise program (HEP) and encouraging the patient to practice yoga or tai chi have been shown to also be beneficial (Brill, 2002). Works Cited Brill, M. T. (2002). Tourette Syndrome. Minneapolis: Twenty-First Century Books. CDC. (2014, 6 9). Data Statistics. Retrieved 7 3, 2014, from Tourette Syndrome: http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/tourette/data.html CDC. (2014, 5 29). Diagnosing Tic Disorders. Retrieved 7 3, 2014, from Tourette Syndrome (TS): http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/tourette/diagnosis.html#TS Kevin St. P. McNaught, P. V. (2010, 10). 125 Years of Tourette Syndrome: The Discovery, Early History and Future of the Disorder. Retrieved july 5, 2014, from National Tourette Syndrome Association: http://www.tsa-usa.org/aMedical/history.html Martin L. Kutscher, M. (2014). Kids in the Syndrome Mix of ADHD, LD, Autism Spectrum, Tourettes, Anxiety, and More! Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Samuel H. Zinner, M. (2014). Tourette Syndrome much more than tics. Contemporary Pediatrics , 22-49. Walkup, D. J. (2013, 12). What is Tourette Syndrome? . Retrieved 7 3, 2014, from National Tourette Syndrome Association: http://www.tsa-usa.org/aMedical/whatists.html

A Comparison of On the Road and Crying of Lot 49 Essay -- comparison c

In both Jack Kerouac’s, On the Road, and Thomas Pynchon’s Crying of Lot 49 the characters act in a deviant manner outside of social norms. This in turn leads to a deviant sub-cultural group which competes with the institutionalized authorities for power. Deviance in both novels is usually defined as a certain type of behaviour, such as an inebriated professor babbling on in a lecture hall filled with students or a group of teenagers frolicking naked in a city park on a hot and sunny afternoon. However, deviance can also encompass both ideas and attributes (Sagarin, 1975). The primary understanding of deviance rests in the reactions of observers, something becomes deviant because an individual, group or society takes offense and reacts negatively (Cohen, 1966, Lofland, 1969). These negative reactions occur because onlookers interpret what they see and hear as being bad, insane, strange, immoral, non-conforming, or wrong. Negative responses do more than define deviance; t hey serve as mechanisms of social control and power. In examining these novels from a sociological perspective, both Kerouac and Pynchon examine conflicts between mainstream society and sub-cultural groups. The deviant behaviour, thoughts, and attributes observed from the characters within the novels provide a strong argument for Austin Turk’s conflict theory of deviance, which examines power and cultural conflict as a basis for deviant behaviour. To begin, Austin Turk’s conflict theory of crime divides society into two groups: those with power "the authorities" and those without power "the subjects". In Pynchon’s novel The Crying Of Lot 49, this is realized by contrasting Pierce Inverarity, a California real estate mogul to those of low social economic class... ...sh-Catholic background, and his resemblance to a Fitzgerald hero, with a tragic death and foul dust floating in the wake of his dreams (153).    However, both of the novels express those subjects living by values beyond the social norms as having some power to change societal norms. By examining Turk’s theory of conflict between authorities and subjects, it becomes apparent the deviant behaviour observed from the characters in both novels is an influencing method of power to alter cultural and societal norms.      WORKS CITED Dugdale, John. Thomas Pynchon: Allusive Parables of Power. New York: St.Martin, 1990 Gomme, Ian McDermid. The Shadow Line: Deviance and Crime in Canada. Toronto: HBJ 1993. Kerouac, Jack. On The Road. New York: Penguin books, 1955 Pynchon, Thomas. The Crying Of Lot 49. New York: Harper & Row, 1966   

Classicism Versus Positivism

Two criminological approaches that have the origin in contemporary criminology are classicism and positivism. Classicism has the origin in the eighteenth century and positivism in the nineteenth. Both, the classical and the positivism theory are expanded in the past with their own roots, but in today criminal justice system are still alive. Classicism was first developed by Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham, two famous writers which propose in their works that both law and administration of justice should be based on rationality and human rights. Cesare Beccaria’s concept of punishment is that â€Å"punishment should fit the crime.Criminals are seen to owe a ‘debt’ to society and punishment should be fixed strictly in proportion to the seriousness of the crime. † (Beccaria, 1974 cited in Burke, 2001, p. 27) and Jeremy Bentham greatest principle was â€Å"the greatest happiness for the greatest number, he felt that punishments should be calculated to infli ct pain in direct proportion to the damage done to the public interest. † (Criminology a social introduction, second edition, p. 56) Positivism or ‘the science of crime’ was first developed by Cesare Lambroso in the late nineteenth century.He is the founder of modern criminology and he is known for his notion of the ‘atavistic criminal’ (Taylor et all, 1973, p. 41) and he described criminals as â€Å"atavistic, a throwback to an earlier form of evolutionary life† (Taylor et all, 1973, p. 41). Cesare Lambroso defined them into five main categories: born criminals, epileptics, insane criminals, occasional criminals and criminals of passion. (Lecture 3) â€Å"Positivism within criminology has been enormously influential and comes for substantive and sustained criticism.Critics of individual positivism such as David Matza (1964) argue that it draws on three problematic sets of assumptions (Tierney, 1996): determinism, differentiation and pathology . † (Criminology, Tim Newburn, p. 128) Firstly both criminological approaches have different perspective on the human subject. The classicalist theory says that human are rational beings with a free will to act and once they make a decision they must accept the consequences after it. They are individuals and they make a ration choice.On the other hand the positivist theory says humans have no moral responsibility, they are driven into crime by forces largely out of their control and they are using methods derived from the natural sciences and their crime is caused by biological, psychological or social factors (‘determinism’). â€Å"Crime is not a free choice but is determined. Positivism is a deterministic theory. † (Criminology a social introduction, second edition, p. 63). Secondly in the classical model â€Å"unlike positivism, it views committing crime as making a free choice† (Criminology a social introduction, second edition, p. 8). In positiv ism theory we can find a ‘differentiation’, â€Å"the criminal is a specific type of person† (Criminology a social introduction, second edition, p. 62) and criminals differ from non-criminals. Thirdly between classicism and positivism is also a pathology difference: the criminals are not only different; there is something wrong with them. Cesare Lombroso â€Å"identified not just the born criminal, but also the emotional criminal, the morally insane criminal and masked epileptic criminal† (Criminology a social introduction, second edition, p. 62).In conclusion these two contrasting approaches are different and contain distinct periods in the past, classicism and positivism. I believe it is fair to say that their existence is not as heavily relied upon as it once was in the past. Bibliographic reference: An introduction to criminological theory, Roger Hopkins Burke. (2001) Criminology a social introduction, Eamonn Carrabine, Pam Cox, Maggy Lee, Ken Plummer and Nigel South. (Second edition, 2009) The New Criminology, Taylor, I. , Walton, P. and Young, J. , Chapter 1. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. (1973) Criminology, Tim Newburn. (2007)

Business Law Practice Questions

Business Law Practice Questions MULTIPLE CHOICE (answers at bottom of page) 1. Paul filed a lawsuit for false imprisonment against Dan’s Bookstore. During a visit to Dan’s Bookstore, Dan stopped Paul as he left the store. Dan accused Paul of stealing a book from the store. After briefly looking into Paul’s shopping bag, Dan determined that Paul did not shoplift. He apologized to Paul and released him. On these facts, Dan will likely: a. b. c. win the case, because the shopkeepers’ privilege statute gives store merchants unconditional immunity (protection) from such lawsuits. lose the case, because Paul did not shoplift. in the case, but only if a court or trier of fact concludes that Dan had reasonable cause to believe Paul may have shoplifted, detained him for a reasonable time, and in a reasonable manner. lose the case, because Dan did not have a warrant. d.2. Bonds wrote McGuire, â€Å"I will sell you my house and lot at 419 West Lombard Street, San Fr ancisco, California for $950,000 payable upon merchantable deed, deal to be completed within 60 days of the date of your acceptance. † Assuming that Bonds’ letter contains terms which are deemed sufficiently certain and definite, which of the following statements is correct? . Bonds’ letter is not an offer unless Bonds intended it to be an offer. b. Bonds’ letter is not an offer unless McGuire thought Bonds intended to make an offer. c. Bonds’ letter is an offer if a reasonable person with full knowledge of the circumstances would be justified in thinking it was intended as an offer.. d. Bonds’ letter is not a offer unless both Bonds and McGuire considered it as an offer. 3. Iverson Jewelers wrote a letter to Miller, â€Å"We have received an exceptionally fine self winding Rolox watch which we will sell to you at a very favorable price. † a. b. c. d.The letter is an offer to sell. A valid offer cannot be made by letter. The letter con tains a valid offer which will terminate within a reasonable time. The letter lacks one of the essential elements of an offer. 4. Don was negligently driving south on Merdock Avenue when his car rear-ended a car driven by Patty. The force of the impact forced Patty to rear-end Terry’s car. In turn, the force of the second impact caused Terry’s car to hit a lamppost, which then fell on a house owned by Paul. The force of the impact scared Paul, causing him to immediately have a heart attack.Paul sues Don for negligence. If Paul recovers, the most likely reason is: a. b. c. d. Paul was able to prove that Don proximately caused Paul’s injuries. Paul was able to prove that the damages he suffered were actually caused by Don. Paul was able to prove that Don breached a duty of due care owed by Don to Paul. Paul was able to prove all of the above (a, b & c). 5. Sammy agreed to sell and Larry agreed to buy Sammy’s car for $400, payable upon delivery. Sammy delive red and left the car with Larry. However, Larry failed to pay Sammy the $400.After eight years had passed following the delivery and acceptance of the car by Larry, Sammy sued Larry in state court for failure to pay him the $400. Based only on the above stated facts, which of the following statement is most accurate? Assume the UCC applies and the statute of limitations for oral contracts is two years and for written contracts is four years. a. No contract was ever created between Sammy and Larry. b. A contract was created but likely not enforceable because the statute of limitations has expired. c. A contract was created, but it is only enforceable if it is in writing. d.A contract was created and is enforceable. 6. Bill purchased a can of Sipep from the Ajax Minimart. After he finished drinking the Sipep, Bill noticed that the can contained dead insects stuck on the inside bottom of the can. In a strict product liability tort action against Ajax, Bill must prove, among other thing s, that: a. b. c. d. Ajax is a merchant selling Sipep. Ajax knew or should have known of the defective condition. Ajax had prior notice of other similar problems with Sipep products. Ajax actually placed the dead insects into the can.7. Under which of the following situations does strict product liability apply? . b. c. d. Sale of a defective and unreasonably dangerous product. Manufacture of a defective and unreasonably dangerous product. Both (a) and (b) are correct. Neither (a) nor (b) are correct. 8. On May 1, Back-Talk Computer Store offerd to sell five (5) computer servers to Gatekeeper Company for $5,000. 00 each, delivery to be on May 30. Later that day (May 1), Gatekeeper responded that it would buy the computers only if they were delivered within three business days. Back-Talk notified Gatekeeper the next day, May 2, that it would not be able to deliver the goods within the time requested by Gatekeeper.Which of the following is true regarding Back-Talk's offer? a. There is no contract between Back-Talk and Gatekeeper. b. Gatekeeper's additional term became part of the contract, so Back-Talk is obligated to deliver the goods within three business days. c. Back-Talk's offer was accepted by Gatekeeper d. Gatekeeper may later accept Back-Talk’s May 1 offer if it is then willing to accept delivery in four weeks. 9. The body of law which establishes rights between persons and provides for redress for violation of those rights is known as: a. b. c. d. Criminal Law. Civil Law.The Uniform Commercial Code. Stare decisis. 10. Donny threw a knife at Sally, intending to injure her severely. However, Donny missed Sally. Sally saw the knife just as it whizzed by her head, missing it by about one inch. As a result, Sally was very scared. Sally sued Donny for assault and battery. Which of the following is most correct? a. b. c. d. Donny will be liable for battery, but not assault. Donny will be liable for assault, but not battery. Donny will be liable for assa ult and for battery. Donny will not be liable for either assault or battery because this is only a criminal matter. 1. In most states the following types of contracts are within the statute of frauds. a. b. c. d. Contracts for the sale of an interest in personal property. Contracts that can be performed within a year from the date of their formation. Contracts for the sale of goods. Contract sfor the sale of goods for a price of $500 or more. 12. On May 1, 2005, Eckerly Realty Inc. mailed a written offer to Masse for the sale of an office building. The offer included an express term that it would expire on June 30, 2005 if the acceptance was not delivered into the hands of the offeror by the expiration date.On June 30, 2005 at 8:00 a. m. , Masse sent a written acceptance to Eckerly via Masse’s personal messenger. However, the messenger was not able to deliver the acceptance until July 1, 2005. On July 2, 2005, Eckerly contacted Masse, informing him that the acceptance had bee n delivered one day late. As a result, Eckerly refused to honor the acceptance. Which of the following is the most correct statement? a. There is no contract between Eckerly and Masse. However, if Masse would have mailed the acceptance on June 30, 2005, a contract would have been created. b. There is a contract between Eckerly and Masse.The moment that Masse gave the acceptance to the messenger, a contract was formed because acceptances are valid immediately upon dispatch. c. There is a contract between Eckerly and Masse. The fact that the acceptance arrived only one day late is of no significance. d. There is no contract between Eckerly and Masse. 13. Which of the following statements is correct concerning the â€Å"reasonable person† standard in tort law? a. The reasonable person standard varies from person to person. b. The reasonable person standard focuses on the defendant’s subjective mental state rather than on the defendant’s behavior. c.A person with a physical disability must act as would a reasonable person with the same disability. d. A person with a mental disability must act as would a person with the same mental disability. 14. Robert makes the following statement while negotiating the sale of his car, â€Å"This is the sharpest car on the market. † His statement may support a claim for: a. b. c. d. misrepresentation. fraud. fraud and misrepresentation. none of the above. 15. Paula rented an apartment to Dave for $500 per month. Paula and Dave signed a one-year lease, to be effective beginning January 1st. After three months, Dave decided that he did not like the apartment.He gave Paula a 30-day written notice, stating that he would vacate the rental unit at the end of the thirty days, which was April 30th. Upon receipt of Dave’s notice, Paula made reasonable efforts to find a new tenant. Nevertheless, the apartment remained vacant from May 1 st. through June 30 th. Paula re-rented the apartment beginning July 1 st. for one year. Paula sues Dave in small claims court. What is the likely outcome? a. Paula is entitled to the balance of the lease, or $4,000, because Dave did not have a valid reason to breach the contract. b. Paula is entitled to nothing, because Dave gave Paula thirty-days written notice. c.Paula is entitled to $1,000, because she tried to find another tenant immediately upon learning of Dave’s intent to breach the contract, but was unable to re-lease the apartment until July 1 st. d. Paula is entitled to $500, which represents one-month’s rent. 16. Tom and Jerry entered into a contract whereby Tom agreed to sell Jerry $1,000 worth of heroin, an illegal substance. This is an example of a: a. b. c. d. quasi contract. void contract. voidable contract. secondary party beneficiary contract. Revised: 01/06 Answers to Business Law Practice Questions 1. c 2. c 3. d 4. d 5. b 6. a 7. c 8. a 9. b 10. b 11. d 12. d 13. c 14. d 15. c 16. b

Being Hefty Essay Example

Being Hefty Essay Example Being Hefty Essay Being Hefty Essay We all start out equal; Little blobs of blood and muscle. It’s a setup for great potential. We eat, sleep, work, and repeat. Every day of our lives we do these things, but these every day tasks we do, are becoming easier. The world is changing. Everything is becoming simpler. We are moving from an industrial society into a technologically advanced industrial society. We no longer need people doing hard work. We can simply make machines that do the same work as a human can. A machine only needs someone typing commands into a computer for it to do its job, and a little oil here and there. The draw back to this is that People are getting fatter, less fit and more unhealthy everyday, and we know it. We go to a doctor wondering, why Am I getting fat? Why do I have high cholesterol? Why is my blood pressure through the roof? The answer is simple, we dont take care of ourselves anymore. We sit at work all day, Then come home and eat unhealthy food. So what do we do? We go to gyms. Experts believe that having regular physical activity can boost your self-esteem. Help you sleep better, and help make you look and feel better during the day. I can go to a doctors office right now and have him do a check up and he would tell me Im perfectly healthy. My blood pressure is good and my cholesterol levels are good. That is not the same for everyone though. Most people will go to a doctors office and theyre told that they are over weight. The food they are eating everyday is making their bodies sick. That they will more than likely have a heart attack by he age of 50 if they dont watch their diet and eat healthier. This is a sad fact about the society we live in, but this is true. Then again I do work in a labor intensive job. Where Im required to keep up a physical status and stay healthy. I go to the gym almost every day of the week and when I dont go I have at the least one hour of physical training in the morning to help stay in shape. Most people work in an office were they type reports all day or sit behind a desk pushing buttons so that machines can do all the heavy lifting. You tend to gain some weight if youre not careful. There will always be those people who just sit around and procrastinate about going to the gym. They will look for any reason not to go to the gym. This is being completely lazy and irresponsible not to take care of you body. If you dont like going to the gym, then go on a jog, or run outside on a nice day. Get an exercise DVD and actually use it for more than a paper weight. You dont have to become the next Arnold Schwarzenegger, just make sure youre at least staying healthy. I learned at a very young age that being obese wasnt an acceptable thing to be. I’d seen members of my family that were morbidly obese. They were hooked up to all kinds of machines that I had no idea what they were for and it scared me. I didnt want to end up like them. My parents didnt ever care if I was a little chubby. They did however not want me to become fat and unhealthy staying inside and play video games all day. They preferred me to be outside playing sports, hanging out with friends, or something that was active. Do you know that by living healthier and having regular physical fitness it can increase your life span? Yes, it can. It has been proven that by living healthy and working out, you can live a longer happier life. When you go to a gym it helps you relive stress and tension in your body. People handle stress in many ways. Some like to smoke cigarettes or go drinking and get wasted every night, Neither of which are very health for you. Others may like to go up into the mountains and shoot a rifle at cans and bottles. I enjoy going to the gym. If Im stressed out about something it usually means I’m angry about something that had happened during that day. It gives me a good outlet to relive all that anger built up throughout the day and take it out on the weights. Going climbing is a great stress reliever for me as well . It gives me a sense of achievement when I finish a difficult route. There is no better feeling then when I completed a route that Ive been working on for the past few days. Going to the gym can also help you get a better nights rest. During the day your body stores sugars and fats from all the food we eat during the day. If you go to bed without burning some of the sugars and other things you have accumulated during the day your body turns it into fat. Going to the gym burns that sugar and saturated fats and turns them into muscle and helps tire you out so you can go to bed at a decent hour and be well rested for the nest day. Eating unhealthy is a big reason some people cant get a good night rest. When youre going to the gym you want to eat healthier. If you eat a McDonalds Big Mac right before you go to the gym it makes you feel like crap. A Big Mac is full of simple sugars among many other thing that are not good for you. It doesnt help your body in any kind of way when you go to work out. If you eat a banana before a work out you feel energized. Bananas are full of potassium which helps you feel happy, they give you a good energy boost and help prevent cramps while you are exercising. Sometimes if you have high blood pressure you may think that going to the gym will raise it to dangerous levels. This is true but only for a short time. When you stop exercising your blood pressure will return to normal and the lower your blood presser returns to the more physically fit you become. Having daily physical exercise a great thing for you body. I know that I love going on runs and going to the gym now. It makes me feel better throughout the day, and I feel well rested in the mornings. I know that there are people out there that will always try to find a way to get out of going to the gym, but in the end it will bite them in the butt because they didnt want to spend an hour out of their day to stay healthy.

Health care reform Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Health care reform - Essay Example It is not good for the declining American economy to spend more amounts at this juncture in the non-productive healthcare sector. â€Å"For the first ten years, the new bill will cost about $100 billion a year. This is about the yearly cost of the Iraq War. The bill might increase the cost of health insurance†(Pros and Cons of the Healthcare Reform Proposal(s), 2010). Moreover tax hikes as part of the new bill will destroy family budgets. â€Å"You will have to either buy health insurance if you don’t have it or have a 2% tax increase† (Pros and Cons of the Healthcare Reform Proposal(s), 2010). Tax increase will affect both rich and poor people. â€Å"There will be a doctor shortage because of the 40 million or so more people with health insurance. There may be a delay in getting medical treatment† (Pros and Cons of Health Insurance Reforms, 2009). The new reforms give more emphasize to the betterment of the patients and it says nothing about the betterment of healthcare professionals. In other words, the benefits enjoyed by the healthcare professionals as part of the old bill are ceased and therefore doctors are not taking their profession seriously now. The delay in getting essential medical services is a big threat to the lives of patients. "According to experts, more than 87 million American could lose access to their current health care plan under the new law† (Are the March 2010 federal health care reform laws good for America?, 2010). The current bill is intended not only to the uninsured people but also to the people who have already insurance coverage. In other words, all the existing insurance coverage may become void and all Americans should seek new coverage irrespective of whether presently they have insurance coverage or not. â€Å"Rep. John Shadegg (R) of Arizona holds a news conference on Jan. 13 on Capitol Hill to make the case that there are hidden costs in the new health care bill† (Trumbull, 2010). In other words, the new bill is

Leadership in Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Leadership in Business - Essay Example According to the research findings, it can, therefore, be said that the high competition in the business world nowadays needs competitive business leaders who will manage to organize their business organizations to achieve their goals. Business leaders need several characteristics in order to achieve their goals. Risk taking is doing something hoping for any outcome, be it good or bad. Any competitive business leader must be ready to take risks. Starting a business involves depositing money or capital where you are not certain whether you will get profit or not. It involves one asking themselves many questions like, â€Å"should I start a business, or should I not?†, â€Å"Should I employ new workers or not?† and many others. Those people who take risks in business will emerge successful, given the high competition in the business world. A business leader who fears to take risks cannot succeed in business because they will fear to get to losses. A good example of an ent repreneur is Amazon’s CEO, Jeff Bezos. Amazon is an organization that deals with the internet business. The CEO says it is good to take risks to manage a business, but it is also good to reduce the risks as the business grows. He says he had to think whether to build Amazon or continue with his previous job on Wall Street. He risked leaving his job to start Amazon, but he succeeded in his online business. Therefore taking risks is always important for success in a business. Another successful business leader, Sir Richard Branson, CEO of Virgin Group (A group of companies in the United States), says, â€Å"Great success does not come without taking risks†. The most important thing is taking the right risks.