Procedural Democracy :: essays research papers

For a country to be truly democratic, it must practice procedural democracy and substantive democracy. A solid foundation and variety of different procedures is what makes a democracy work as it does for us today. There will always be problems with any system and there will always be someone complaining about how the government works. Without a doubt, we will never have a perfect government and we will probably never find one person without some sort of disagreement with the way things are run. But, a democracy is run off of compromises, and it will only work if the people are pleased with the progress that it has made. Democracy is supposed to be run by the people, but which people actually count. Many democracies don’t even allow the majority of their people vote. All democratic governments have some sort of regulations on who is allowed to vote. Even the United States of America, which we perceive to be one of the most democratic countries in the world, has regulations. If you are; too young, have ever been convicted of a felony, not a certified U.S. citizen, or are not mentally competent, you are not allowed to vote. This list has shrunk since the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth amendment though. Women, blacks, and even the poor have been discriminated upon to keep the people â€Å"we† want in the office. Slaves were even counted as only three-fifths of a vote at one time. It has been a hard fought battle by many people to get whom they think are the right people voting. What may be the most famous line of the Declaration of Independence states â€Å"We hold these Truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . This line sets the tone for the rest of American life. It lets us know that there should be political equality and every live is as important as the next. It lets us know that one mans opinion is just as important as the other mans opinion. The majority will rule when it comes down to it, but minorities cannot be completely tossed away.

New Business Plan

Project-The New Camp PREPARED FOR BODIRUJJAMAN CONTENTS . †¢ Executive Summary03 †¢ Description of Venture04 †¢ Mission and Vision05 †¢ Market Analysis05 †¢ Competitive Analysis07 †¢ Strategy10 †¢ Services 11 †¢ Marketing & Sales13 †¢ Human Resource Plan16 †¢ Customer Service and Support17 †¢ Financial Data19 †¢ Conclusion21 Executive Summary The main purpose and objective of our assignment was to develop a business plan in perspective of our country.The New camp as we want to call it is a camping site that we plan to introduce for the first time in Bangladesh. The idea is to provide accommodation services to locals and tourists during peak seasons but in a unique way, that is our services will be based on outdoor activities. During peak seasons, especially the winter season, it is really difficult to get a place to stay in Cox’s bazaar as most hotels and motels are booked by tourists. As a result, many people are una ble to spend their holidays in Cox’s Bazaar just because they could not find a place to stay.This is where we want to take the opportunity to capitalize on the situation and provide accommodation services which is going to be much cheaper and affordable for the tourists and other potential local customers. As the set up cost of the venture is Low, we can take the opportunity of cost leadership thus making our business profitable. The business: Description of venture The New camp we want to identify it is a camping site that we plan to bring in for the initially in our country. During peak seasons, it is hard to get a place to stay in Cox’s bazaar as most hotels and motels are booked by tourists.As a result, many people are unable to spend their holidays in Cox’s Bazaar just because they could not find a place to stay. So we want to use this opportunity to take advantage of on the situation and provide accommodation services that is going to be affordable for the tourists and local customers. The set up cost of the venture is low; we can take the prospect of cost leadership as well as profit seeker. The purpose of our business is to provide outdoor accommodation. In order to do so we need to have our own land but since it is very costly to have our own land, we decided to lease the land from the government.Currently to start the business we will take the lease a land which area is 3 bigha at Laboni point, Cox’s Bazaar. Our estimated budget is 30000000 taka. So we need to do the following activities to start the business: ? Lease the land. ? Land development ? Recruit Management employees ? Buying tents of various types – starting off with 60 tents ? Hiring security guards, helpers/care takers ? Chefs ,assistants & lifeguards ? Administrative officers in charge of supervision ? Equipment and utensils Logistics & other Developments Vision & Mission Vision Statement: Our vision is to promote and encourage outdoor activities for f amilies and friends and to become the number one camping resort in Bangladesh. Mission Statement: Customer satisfaction is our top priority and we want to make sure every customer that we will have will be satisfied with our products and services. We want to achieve this feat by providing top quality services by ensuring healthier environment, quality food items and spacious tents, outdoor activities within a much cheaper package. Market AnalysisAlthough marketing in tourism sector is competitive, the lifestyle changes created by modern living continue to fuel its steady growth. So competition in this particular sector is increasing day to day in perspective our country. Market segments: Here for our business we divide out market segment according to demographic segmentation that includes age, gender, income and social class. |Age: |Here we are targeting specially certain level of aged people like| | |children’s, teenagers, adults (18 – 45). |Gender: |Our products ar e purposeful for both male and female gender. | |Income level: |We will not provide such products which is not very much | | |luxurious as well as that not appeal directly to consumers on low| | |incomes.Such incomes level customers whom income level is | | |reasonably priced in terms of our products & services. | |Social Class: |For this portion we will choose specially upper and middle class | | |people. | Target Markets & Customers: The market for new camp product cover large area of diverse populated groups. Although it will locate in Laboni point near beach, it is an area where people travel and one that is also frequented by tourists.It is also an area known for and catering to the demographic group we are targeting. Here our target customers are Students, families and couples. So through this we categorize our customers up to certain segments: | |Students |Families |Couples | |Customer Characteristics |Limited buying power. |Affordable buying power. |Maximum level of buyin g power. | |Customer needs |Well accommodation facilities. Accommodation conveniences. |Better accommodation, safety and | | |Better and unique recreational |Tourism related facilities and |honeymoon related services. | | |activities. |Securities. | | |Customer buying decision | |Try to get minimum benefit at an |Try to get maximum level of benefits | | |Low cost products & services. |affordable price. |at an affordable price. |Competitive Analysis: â€Å"The new competition is not between what companies produce in their factories, but between what they add to their factory output in the form of packaging, services, advertising, customer advice, financing, delivery arrangements, warehousing, and other things that people value. † An industry is the manufacturing of a good or service within a category. The New Camp is considering under tourism industry and it will be a medium size industry. This business is starting as a partnership or joint venture business.The main goal of th is business is to provide tourism related outdoor facilities for friends and families with in local & foreign tourists. As we are stating these sort of business for the first time in perspective of our country in a sense the market will be monopoly. But in other sense here there are lot hotels and motels providing almost same facilities so we can call the make as well as oligopoly. If we are going to start our business in Cox’s Bazaar for New camp there are many competitors specially the hotels.But primarily competitors are Hotel Sea Palace, Hotel Corel reef, Hotel Holy day and Sea Hill Guest House. Now individual analysis of each competitors is very complex because on might have one step ahead in one factor and another might have one step ahead in another on the other hand the total description of each competitors will be very lengthy. To make this analysis more fruitful we develop a table where the primary 4 competitor’s names are mentioned with some key factors. New Camp as a base for comparison, the table is given below: Name |New Camp |Hotel Sea Palace |Hotel Corel Reef |Hotel Holy Day |Sea Hill Guest | | |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |House | | | | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | | |Factors | | | | | | |Target customer |Middle, Upper class. | |Upper and Middle |Middle class |Middle- lower | | | |Upper-top Class |Class. | |class. | |Price Level |Comparatively Low |Too High |High |Medium |Low medium | |Specially For |Local & foreign tourists|Local & specially |Local and foreigners |Local tourists. Local peoples | | |with friends and family |foreigners. |with family | | | | |facility. | |facilities. | | | |Promotional |Website, Television |Website, Local |Website, Billboards. |Local newspapers. |unknown | |Activity |& newspaper |Newspaper, | | | | | |advertisement, Campaign,|Billboards. | | | | | |Billboard. | | | | | |Accommodation, Foods, |Accommodation, |Accommodation, |Only Accommodation |Accommodation. | | |Rest room with warm bath|Foods, GYM, Swi mming|Restaurants, Room |Facility. | | | |space, Party space, Camp|pools, Bill board. |service | | | |Products & |Fire, Outdoor Movie |Bar. | | | | |Services |theater etc. | | | | | |Distance from |Laboni point near beach. 1 km from beach |1 km from sea beach |2 km from beach |1 km from beach | |beach | | | | | | SWOT Analysis: SWOT Analysis is a strategic planning method used to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats involved in a business venture. It involves specifying the objective of the business venture or project and identifying the internal and external factors that are favorable and unfavorable to achieving that objective. We are mentioning the SWOT analysis of new camp through a table, which will give a perfect view and in a glance all the factors can be analyze through this table: |SWOT analysis |Factors |Internal | |S (Strengths) |Ensuring quality product & services with all tourism facilities. | | |Online service facilities. | | |Affordable price within customer’s income level. | | |Administrative office locally and in the capital. | | |Providing service for both local and foreign tourists. | | |Psychological price (Ex. Tk 695). | |W (Weaknesses) |Lack of proper training, we are offering part -time jobs for some employees. | | |Target customer (especially middle and upper class people). |External | |O (Opportunities) |Public relations (Donation, allow part-time jobs for students). | | |Building image by organizing conferences in different districts. | | |Now consumers are aware of quality products & services and New camp can assures quality with 0 defect | | |policy. | |T (Threats) |Competitors – Hotels like Corel reef, Hotel Sea Palace. | | |Any natural calamities or disasters. | | |Government inconvenience. | | |Chances in price war with its close competitors. | Strategy:For the attraction and make it valuable to the potential customers we are going to follow two types of strategies according to Porters Gen eric strategies. One is Cost leadership strategies and another is Differentiation strategies. In the following how we can implement in our business are explain briefly: Cost leadership strategies: To make our product and services competitive among the competitors we will go for the cost leadership strategies. Companies that choose a cost-leadership strategy offer relatively standardised products with features or characteristics that are acceptable to customers in other words, with a minimum level of differentiation–at the lowest competitive price.This means that companies offer standardised products to an industry's typical customer. Customers receive value when a company successfully implements a cost leadership strategy. We are going implement this strategy by following Points: †¢ Building efficient-scale facilities. †¢ Establishing tight control of production and overhead costs. †¢ Minimising the costs of sales, product research and development, and service. Differentiation strategies: We will differentiate the products someway in order to compete successfully. Like for accommodation facilities we are proving tents that really differentiate from our close competitors. We are going to implement this strategy by following some aspects: ? By cost differentiation. Same product and service in diverse form. ? Providing exceptional services. Like all the facilities means products and services in one price. Services: Here we will divide our products and services into two portions one is regular basis and special. So the packages we are going to offer here we will count it as a special for the peak season and all other services for regular basis. Services: According to our business type we categorize our service into three types. They are Couples package, Family package and Friendly package. ? Couples package: Couples package is that tent for two people with other services. This package will cost 1500 taka per day with all services.Under this p ackage normally we will offer food for breakfast, lunch, dinner and other services like party places, rest room area etc. For this package in extra we will also provide 2 round free Jet Ski rides and free movie tickets. ? Family package: Family package is that tent for four to six people with related services. For this package we decide to take 2000 taka per day. Here we will provide all the services as usual with play ground for children and 1 BBQ dinner for whole family. But we will afford a service as bonus that is free movie tickets for outdoor movie theater. ? Friendly Package: Friendly package is that tent for six to eight people.In favor of this package we will come to a decision for the cost is 2300 taka per day by provides all the services. As we are going to start the business for the first time as a bonus here also we will provide some services that are free movie tickets, free Jet Ski rides for 2 rounds, free entry to one DJ party, 1 BBQ dinner free. Additional Services: ? Breakfast – Fruits, eggs, pancakes, bread and jam, fresh juices, cold drinks, and other beverages etc. ? Lunch – Fast foods like burgers, hotdogs, French fries, sandwiches/ Indian cuisine/ Bangladeshi cuisine. ? Dinner – BBQ/ Thai cuisine/ Chinese cuisine. ? Refreshments- tea, coffee, soft drinks, mineral water, fresh fruit juice.For the purpose of recreation and excitement we will make available some other services related with tourism. Other services are: †¢ Rest room area with swimming pool †¢ Camp fire †¢ Party Space †¢ Jet skis †¢ Children’s play ground †¢ Outdoor movie theater According to our product and services we are going to provide to fulfill the need of local and foreign tourist in Cox’s Bazaar during the peak season because it is difficult to get the room services and other facilities. As it’s a new business in perspective of Bangladesh completely a new experience for our countries people specia lly. Also able to accomplish all the purpose at a time they are living, recreation, low cost facilities and new experience in comparison to other providers.That’s how make our product competitive and unique. During this time in Cox’s Bazaar people have to pay only the room service in this amount what we are going to provide in our products with other services. So in that point of view by maintaining 30% profit margin in total and these products & services competitively it is healthy situation for us. In viewpoint of Bangladesh all the time it is pretty much difficult to get the license from government to lunch a business, also transportation problems and sometimes difficult to necessary materials too. So we are hoping to face these sorts of obstacles to start out business with these products and services. Marketing & SalesHere we target people as our customers mainly college & university student, families & couples, foreigners and In focusing on the unique aspect of ou r product & service theme and customer a mix of marketing vehicles will be created to convey our presence, our image and our massage. So in the following we are showing the mediums will be use to market our product: ? Print media: We will use print media as our first choice to implement the marketing of our product. As a print media we will go to use Newspapers, Magazines and Student publications. ? Broadcast media: We will broadcast local programming and interest shows as a promotional activity through television and radio advertisement. ? Web: We will build our own website with online booking systems; other details will include contact info, package and service info and price details. ? Trade shows: We will campaign in different universities and colleges in Bangladesh.Through which we can make our product and services notorious to people. ? Miscellaneous: We will use some other intermediates for the purpose of promotion like billboards, seminars, one to one sales and leaf lets. A public relations firm has been retained to create special events and solicit print and broadcast coverage, especially at the start-up. For this purpose our budgeted cost will be 800000 Taka per year at the start. Sales Tactics: Selling and sales results are pretty clear cut: you get what you put into your sales efforts. If your employees are unhappy, or if you do little to sell your product, you’ll likely do just that: sell little of your product.So for the sales purpose of our product and service we develop the sales tactics through using the 4P of marketing. |Product: |As we are going to stat such a business that is related to tourism so our products & services are | | |designed such a way that is related to this particular industry. Most important as a tactic is the | | |things we will provide some products that are never before introduced in perspective of Bangladesh and | | |it varies from its primary competitors. So it is completely new and people will really appreciate to | | |take such initiative experience. |Place: |We will provide such facilities through our website and our administrative office they can easily make | | |sure their booking. So for these purpose we develop websites of our own and two administrative offices | | |in Dhaka as well as in Cox’s bazaar initially. | |Promotion: |For make our product aware we are using varieties of promotional activities that already motioned. We | | |will make sure known to all level of customers. | |Price: |We are going to offer such price which is really affordable for the customers in terms of locals and | | |foreigners too. That really differs from the particular competitors. | Promotion Mix:A successful product or service means nothing unless the benefit of such a service can be communicated clearly to the target market. So to make our product & service attractive we create the following promotional mix: |Types of Promotion |Explanation | |Advertising: |Here we are using non personal paid form of communication some sort of mass media like Radio, | | |Television and billboard. | |Public relations: |We will pay intimate stimulation of supply for a product & service by planting significant news | | |about it or a favorable presentation of it in the media.Like Newspaper, Magazines and Student | | |publications. | |Personal selling: |As we will selling our product one to one that is persuading one or more prospects to purchase a| | |good or service or to act on any idea through the use of an oral presentation. | |Sales promotion: |To market our product we will go for campaign in different educational institution that is Media| | |and non-media marketing communication are employed for a pre-determined, limited time to | | |increase consumer demand, stimulate market demand or improve product availability. |Internet marketing: |Also we will promote our products and services through our own website with contact info, | | |package and service info and price details. | Human R esource Plan: In contest of our business we have to operate a lot of activities to make our product & services available to the customers. To operate the whole business we need the following employees: |Post |Number of vacancy |Skills required |Roles & responsibilities |Education & experience | |Security guards |10 |Able to communicate well, |Providing safety & |Minimum class 8 with 1 year | | | |able deal with crowd people,|securities |experience. | | |must willing to work day or | | | | | |night shift. | | | |Chefs assistant |6 |Better communication |Helping cooking work , |Minimum education up to HSC | | | |abilities with customers. |serving & ordering food |with 1-2 year experience. | |Life guards |6 |Must have excellent oral and|Monitor the day-to-day |Job experience 2 years with | | | |written communication |operations of the beach, |minimum education up to HSC. | | |skills, must be familiar |Create a fun and socially | | | | |with sea beach program & |rewarding environment fo r | | | | |procedure |our Members and their Guests| | | | | |etc | | |Musicians |2 |Operate dJ instruments |Make a chill out parties. At least educated and | | | | | |experience 2-3 year | |Care takers |20 |Must have skill specially |Cleaning, maintenance and |Minimum education class 8 | | | |maintaining equipments. |other management | | | | | |responsibilities. | | We will advertise into particular print Medias like newspaper and monthly magazines to recruit these categories of people.For any particular post and job they have to contact in our administrative offices with necessary documents on HRM department. Customer service/ supports: For better customer service we will ensure some quality management that adds value to our products and services to satisfy our customers. In the following these points are given: ? We will give the customer satisfaction as top priority by providing quality products & services. ? Continuous improvement of our products and services ? Proper maintenanc e of play grounds, movie theaters, dance floors and toilets. ? Foods will be cooked with healthy oil. ? Securities and lifeguards will be available 24/7.Equipments: To support our potential customers we need following Tents, ovens, official furniture’s, large LCD monitor, umbrellas, Commercial Mt Rainier Structure, Spring Whale Spring Rider, Table 30†³ Magna Surface Mount, jet skies, swimming pool related equipments etc. Purchasing: As we have to provide all this products and services as package for customer satisfaction so to make it available all the purchasing items we will con tact or have agreement with particular suppliers. |Categories |Suppliers | |Raw food stuffs |Agora super shop, Chittagong |Development: In the terms of development we need to build up some infrastructure like swimming pool, party place with necessary equipments, rest room areas with well potential stuffs etc. Organization Structure Financial Data: Promoters Investment or Owners Equity is 12000 000 taka and total Contribution Margin 40%. Rest of the money will be apply for bank loan taka 18000000. In total 30000000 taka authorized capital. Estimated Projected list |Column1 |Column2 |Column3 |Column4 | |Lease for 3 years |10000000 |(Approximately) |41. 67% | |Land Development |1500000 |(Approximately) |6. 5% | |Fixed Setup |5000000 |(Approximately) |20. 83% | |Logistics |1000000 |(Approximately) |4. 17% | |Marketing Cost |1500000 |(Approximately) |6. 25% | |Modern Technology & |4000000 |(Approximately) |16. 67% | |machineries | | | | |Working Capital |1000000 |(Approximately) |4. 17% | |Total |24000000 | |100. 00% | Income Statement Column1 |Column2 |Column3 |Column4 | | |2012 |2013 |2014 | |Turnover: | | | | |Regular |21600000 |27540000 |31590000 | |Special |9800000 |11466000 |15750000 | |Net Turnover |31400000 |39006000 |47340000 | |Operating Expenses: | | | | |Stuff & employee Cost |6000000 |7000000 |8000000 | |Marketing Cost |800000 |700000 |600000 | |Maintenance Cost | 1000000 |1000000 |1000000 | |Accumulated Depreciation |835000 |835000 |835000 | |Rent Cost |3333333. 33 |3333333. 33 |3333333. 33 | |EBIT |19431666. 67 |26137666. 67 |33571666. 67 | |Financial Expences |9858192 |9858192 |9858192 | |EBT |9573474. 67 |16279474. 67 |23713474. 67 | |Tax Exp. 20%) |1914694. 934 |3255894. 934 |4742694. 934 | |Net Income |7658779. 736 |13023579. 74 |18970779. 74 | Notes: Turnover – Regular (500*270* Number of customers) Special (1500+2000+2300)* 90* (Number of customers) Break Even Analysis |Column1 |Column2 |Column3 |Column4 | | |2012 |2013 |2014 | |Net Turnover |21826525. 33 |22726525. 33 |23626525. 3 | |Operating Expenses: | | | | |Stuff Cost |6000000 |7000000 |8000000 | |Marketing Cost |800000 |700000 |600000 | |Maintenance Cost |1000000 |1000000 |1000000 | |Accumulated Depreciation |835000 |835000 |835000 | |Rent Cost |3333333. 33 |3333333. 33 |3333333. 33 | |EBIT |9858192 |9858192 |9858192 | |Financial Expenses |9858192 |9858192 |9858192 | |EB T |0 |0 |0 | |Tax Exp. |0 |0 |0 | |Net Income |0 |0 |0 | Conclusion:If we are able to successfully set up this business, we believe we could bring an exciting change and make tourism in Bangladesh Cox’s Bazaar more fun and interesting. We want our potential customers to have the utmost fun and make sure they check out of The New Camp with a smile in their face. This is just the start of our new adventure and we want to add more features like a shelter booth for our customers during storms and disasters and attractions like paragliding and scuba diving. Appended Part: NOTES ? Monopoly: A monopoly is a market condition in which a single seller controls the entire output of a particular good or service. A firm is a monopoly if it is the sole seller of its product and if its product has no close substitutes. Oligopoly: An oligopoly is a market condition in which a firm is doing business not with the same product and service like your business but those products & services serve t he same purpose similar to your product. ? Psychological price: Psychological pricing or price ending is a marketing practice based on the theory that certain prices have a psychological impact. The retail prices are often expressed as â€Å"odd prices†: a little less than a round number, e. g. 19. 99 Taka. REFERENCES ? Joseph T. Straub & Raymond F. Attner, 2006, Introduction to Business, 2nd edition, Kent Publishing Company, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. ? Philip Kotler & Kevin Lane Keller, 2006, Marketing Management, 12th edition, Prentice – Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi. ? William J.Stevenson, 2005, Operations Management, 8th edition, McGraw Hill Companies Inc, Avenues of Americas, New York, USA. ? James C. Van Horne & John M Wachowicz JR, 2001, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 12th edition, Prentice Hall Inc Financial times, Edinburg Gate, Harlow Essex, England. ? Fred R. David, 2009, Strategic Management Concepts & Cases, 12th edition, Prentice †“ Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi. [pic] ———————– Chairman Vice Chairperson Vice Chairman Director Director Director Managing Director Deputy Managing Director Deputy Managing Director Manager (management) Operation Administration Accounting & Finance Marketing

Silence As A Technique To Show Time English Literature Essay

Literary silence can be used to function several intents. Silence can be used to make a tragic ambiance, to convey out unhappiness, surprise or daze, to stress the lines before and after it and it can besides be used to construct up suspense and emotion. This essay will research the relationship between clip and silence in The Outsider and Waiting for Godot. â€Å" Silence fills this hollow universe, Silence is the pick we make, Silence is the decease of this all, Silence is our destiny. † This infusion from Okami Kamikaze ‘s verse form, ‘Eternal silence ‘ seems to suit Beckett ‘s drama absolutely. The silence is contributed to the drama by the intermissions mentioned in the phase waies. In fact there is no logical idea procedure in the drama as it is interrupted by the intermissions. The intermissions and silences in the drama make a unfertile and tragic ambiance that the characters seem to fear. â€Å" Silence is pouring into the drama like H2O into a sinking ship † , to cite Beckett. The silence, crisp, echoing and resonating seems to make much torment in the supporters. It is this upseting silence that the characters try to avoid through useless babbling, throughout the drama. The silence is a consequence of the decomposition of the establishment of linguistic communication, therefore we see short duologues, nervous laughter and long drawn intermissions. The intermissions and silences besides help in making an air of uncertainness that like the echoing silence envelops the full drama. This is evidenced by the fact that the characters, Vladimir and Estragon are diffident about everything from the day of the month, clip, twenty-four hours, to their intent and the individuality of Godot. â€Å" VLADIMIR: He said Saturday. ( Pause. ) I think. Tarragon: ( really insidious ) . But what Saturday? And is it Saturday? Is it non instead Sunday? ( Pause. ) Or Monday? ( Pause. ) Or Friday? † Time in waiting for Godot behaves in a funny manner, it is cloudy. Time assumes an intangible quality and lacks definition. It seems to stand still as if it were waiting for Godot excessively. This inactive consequence is created through the insistent actions of characters like looking in their chapeau, taking off boots and the similar. The drama with the deficiency of any background music is enshrouded in silence, making a inactive medium for clip. The tree in the background appears wastes in Act I and is covered with leaves the following. The carrot in the first act becomes a radish in the 2nd. A alteration usually taking hebdomads or likely months happens in a individual dark. This is besides the lone manner the readers are made cognizant of the transition of clip. The couple of Lucky and Pozzo besides undergo a enormous alteration all in the span of one dark. Lucky becomes deaf-and-dumb person and Pozzo, blind. The reaching of the courier male child signals the terminal of a twenty-four hours. The reaching of Lucky and Pozzo brings with it one-dimensionality to clip, the minute they leave, clip becomes cloudy once more. The characters Lucky and Pozzo have hence been dubbed the ‘Champions of Time ‘ by some critics. It is as if clip is frozen in silence, merely when the silence interruptions, is clip able to travel, merely to go frozen when the steely silence returns. Gunther Andres compactly summarizes clip statin g, â€Å" Although a ‘stream of clip ‘ does n't be any longer, the ‘time stuff ‘ is non petrified yet ; alternatively of a traveling watercourse, clip here has become something like a dead pulp. † I feel that the characters exemplify the phrase, ‘Killing Time ‘ . The ceaseless waiting, the humdrum repeat and the decomposition of linguistic communication completes this activity. Even Lucky and Pozzo who in the beginning are gifted with consciousness of clip after a few proceedingss in the inactive clip of the supporters, lose clip. In the beginning, we find Pozzo look intoing his ticker, so the ticker stops working and eventually he loses his ticker. â€Å" POZZO: aˆÂ ¦ . Thank you, dear chap. ( He consults his ticker. ) But I must truly be acquiring along, if I am to detect my agenda. VLADIMIR: Time has stopped. POZZO: ( snuggling his ticker to his ear ) . Do n't you believe it, Sir, do n't you believe it. ( He puts his ticker back in his pocket. ) Whatever you like, but non that. † Time is so dead in the frame of the supporters. We see Lucky and Pozzo, whom the supporters look up to as privileged existences due to their consciousness of clip, besides pervert and lose their consciousness, going one with the stagnation that is clip. The Outsider is a fresh dealing with the experiential crisis of disaffection and self-alienation by Gallic writer, Albert Camus. In this book, the usage of silence is elusive unlike Waiting for Godot, with its glaring silences and intermissions. Unlike Waiting for Godot, silence here offers a infinite to believe, to concentrate and wait. The narrative manner itself suits the absence of sound. It should be noted that The Outsider has really few cases of direct duologue. Most of the book is written in indirect address that creates an uneven feeling of withdrawal of Meursalt with the secret plan of the book. As a consequence, the full book seems to be encased in silence. However this remains unnoticed by the readers except when the writer draws attending to the silence. Any little, bantam sound makes us recognize the absence of it. This is particularly seen during the imprisonment of Meursalt. In many parts of the book, Meursalt seems to exhibit a stony silence without responding or answering to inquiries and even take parting in conversations. This is possibly because of a deficiency of things to state. Meursalt is, as Camus describes him, â€Å" in love with a Sun that leaves no shadows. † He does non lie but stands for truth. He does non even utter the harmless white prevarications to delight society and to carry through its meaningless imposts. As a consequence most of Meursalt ‘s silence are â€Å" because he does n't play the game. † to cite Camus. Unlike Waiting for Godot, the characters appear to be really cognizant of clip. Time here is a additive entity with definite boundaries.The book has really specific inside informations about clip, forenoon, eventide, hebdomad etc. and that suggests that Meursalt is really cognizant of what is traveling on around him. In The Outsider there is calculated usage of silence is to in two chief cases to demo motion. One is the period of captivity of Meursalt and the other during the test. We find Meursalt tidal bore to acquire it over with. He does non pay any attending to the test and longs to be back in his cell. At the terminal of Meursalt ‘s life, he seems to detest the silence of the audience that comes to watch his executing. They seem to stand still with bated breath while he wants them to clap and hoot handling him like a hero. Silence Kills ; it intensifies his limited clip before his executing conveying into crisp focal point the brevity of his life. Even during his captivity, we find him sitting in silence watching the skies change from twenty-four hours to dark, his senses more crisp and ague than of all time. â€Å" ne'er earlier had my ears picked up so many noises or detected such bantam sounds. † The silence creates a crisp concentration to Meursalt ‘s senses. He waits for something to go on. He waits for person to come. He seems to cognize his destiny at the custodies of a society that does n't cognize and understand him. He seems impatient for this clip to go through into action, an action that might even direct him to his decease. The writer draws our attending to the silence by adverting the bantam noises. â€Å" like a Canis familiaris ‘s death-rattle, my bosom would n't split after all and I ‘d hold gained another 20 four hours. † This line shows that the deathlike silence reflects the long hours of captivity. The silence is possibly to demo the apparently slow passing of clip. Even during the vigil, the silence is about tangible, broken merely by shortness of breaths and oinks. This apart from what Meursalt considers to be an unneeded rite besides serves to show the slow transition of clip. Although we see silence in both books, used to function the same intent, the consequence created is drastically different. Silence and the consciousness of the characters to the transition of clip have successfully created affecting minutes in the texts. They have revealed to us non merely the heads of the characters, but have besides put into perspective life and decease itself. We as readers have been drawn into the whirl of these silences and clip sections with expectancy and we have ne'er been disappointed.

Capital Budgeting

Are there any similarities between a firm’s capital budgeting decisions and an individual’s investment decisions? Capital budgeting is the process of analyzing potential additions to fixed assets. Capital budgeting is very important to firm’s future because of the fixed asset investment decisions chart a company’s course for the future. The firm’s capital budgeting process is very much same as those of individual’s investment decisions. There are some steps involved. First, estimate the cash flows such as interest and maturity value or dividends in the case of bonds and stocks, operating cash flows in the case of capital projects. Second is to assess the riskiness of the cash flows. Next, determine the appropriate discount rate, based on the riskiness of the cash flows and the general level of interest rates. This is called project’s required rate of return or cost of capital in capital budgeting. Then, find the PV of expected cash flows and the asset’s rate of return. If the PV of the inflows is greater than PV of outflows (NPV is positive), or if the calculated rate of return (IRR) is higher than the project cost of capital, accept the project. Question b What is the difference between independent and mutually exclusive projects? Between normal and non-normal projects? Independent projects mean a company can select one or both of the projects as long as they meet minimum profitability. This is because the projects do not compete with the firm’s resources. Projects are independent if the cash flows of one are not affected by the acceptance of the other. Mutually exclusive projects mean if acceptance of one impacts adversely the cash flows of the other which is firm can select one or another project but not both. This is because projects investments that compete in some way for a company’s resources. When projects are mutually exclusive it means that they do the same job. Normal projects have outflows, or costs, in the first year (or years) followed by a series of inflows. Non-normal projects have one or more outflows after the inflow stream has begun. So, we can conclude that the lower the WACC, the higher the value of NPV. Question d 1) Define the term internal rate of return (IRR). What is each project’s IRR? Internal rate of return (IRR) is the discount rate that will equate the present value of the outflows with the present value of the inflows. The IRR is the intrinsic rate of return. By using financial calculator, the IRR for project L is 18. 13% while the IRR for project S is 23. 56%. 2) How is the IRR on a project related to the YTM on a bond? A project’s IRR is the discount rate that forces the PV of the inflows to equal the cost. This is equivalent to forcing the NPV to equal zero. The IRR is the estimate of the project’s rate of return, and it is comparable to the YTM on a bond. 3) What is the logic behind IRR method? According to IRR, which project should be accepted if they are independent? Mutually exclusive? The logic behind IRR method is; if the IRR is more than WACC, the project will be accepted, but the project would be rejected if the NPV is less than WACC. IRR that equal to WACC means it is technically indifference whether we accept or not the project, will not gain any benefit or loss. According to IRR, both projects can be accepted if they are independent because the IRR for both project have percentage more than the percentage of WACC. But, if they are mutually exclusive, only one project that should be accepted that is project S. This is because the IRR for project S is 23. 56% and it is higher compared to the IRR for project L which only 18. 13%. 4) Would the projects’ IRR change if the WACC changed? No, the IRR would not change if the WACC changed. Question e 1) What is the underlying cause of ranking conflicts between NPV and IRR? In the normal project for the NPV profiles to cross one project must have both a higher vertical axis intercept and a steeper slope than the other. A project’s vertical axis typically depends on the size of the project and the size and timing pattern of the cash flows. For example, for the large projects and with large distant cash flows would expect to have relatively high vertical axis intercepts. The slope of the NPV profile depends entirely on the timing pattern of the cash flows. The long-term projects have steeper NPV profiles compared with short-term projects. So, NPV can only cross in two situations which is when mutually exclusive projects differ in scale or size and when the projects’ cash flows differ in terms of the timing pattern of their cash flows (Project L and S). 2) What is the â€Å"reinvestment rate assumption†, and how does it affect the NPV versus IRR conflict? The underlying cause of ranking conflict is the reinvestment rate assumption. All DCF methods assume that cash flows can be reinvested at some rate. This applies to Project L and S. When we calculated their NPV, we discounted at WACC, 10% which means that we assuming that their cash flows could be reinvested at 10%. IRR assumes that cash flows are reinvested at the IRR. Discounting is the reverse of compounding. Compounding assumes reinvestment and also for the discounting. NPV and IRR are both found by discounting, so they both assume some discount rate. NPV calculation is the assumption that cash flows can be reinvested at the project’s cost of capital while the IRR calculation assumes reinvestment at the IRR rate. 3) Which method is the best? Why? The NPV tells us how much a project contributes to shareholder wealth. The larger the NPV, the more value the project adds, and added value means a higher stock price. Thus NPV is the best selection criteria. A project IRR is the discount rate that forces the PV of the inflows to equal the cost. This is equivalent to forcing the NPV to equal zero. However, NPV or IRR give better ranking is depends on which has the better reinvestment rate assumption. NPV is selected because it used as a substitutes for outside capital hence save the firm cost of outside capital. For most firms, assuming reinvestment at the WACC is more reasonable for the following reasons. If a firm has reasonably good access to the capital markets, it can raise all the capital it needs at the going rate, which in our example is 10%. Since the firm can obtain capital at 10%, if it have investment opportunities with positive NPV, it should take them on and it can finance them at a 10% cost. If a firm uses internally generated cash flows from past periods rather than external capital, this will save it the 10% cost of capital. Thus, 10% is the opportunity cost of the cash flows, and that is the effective return on reinvested funds. However, NPV and IRR usually give the same results to accept or reject the project for independent project. NPV and IRR occurs conflict only when mutually exclusive projects are involved. Question f 1) What is the difference between the regular and discounted payback methods? Payback period is defined as the number of years required to recover the funds invested in a project from its operating cash flows. Discounted payback is the length of time required for an investment’s cash flows, discounted at the investment’s cost of capital to cover its cost. Actually, discounted payback is similar to regular payback except that discounted rather than the raw cash flows are used. 2) What are the two main disadvantages of discounted payback? Is the payback method of any real usefulness in capital budgeting decisions? Discounted payback does consider the time value of money, but it still disregard cash flows beyond the payback period, which is a serious flaw. For example, if mutually exclusive projects vary in size, both payback method can conflict with the NPV, which might lead to a poor choice. However, many firms still use the payback to do the capital budgeting decisions. Payback and discounted payback used as a measure of project’s liquidity and risk. The shorter the payback, other things held constant, the greatest the project’s liquidity. This factor is important for smaller firms that do not have really access to the capital markets. Cash flows expected in the distant future are generally riskier than near-term cash flows, so the payback is used as one risk indicators.

Diana Coole and Samantha Frost argue that social and political enquiry Essay - 1

Diana Coole and Samantha Frost argue that social and political enquiry needs a new ontology which incorporates matter. Why What problem are they trying to address and how persuasive is their solution - Essay Example Coole and Frost insist that emerging realities in the fields of sciences, arts, geography, and other disciplines are sufficient proof that matter contains more active and viable qualities that previously thought. A precise understanding of the case made by the two thinkers regarding the need for ontological reviews of political and social inquiries should begin with an assessment of the new qualities, which they assign to matter. Coole and Samantha argue that matter is an excess and a force. By this, they imply that it can influence actions, activities, and processes in as many areas as it is represented. Furthermore, the two philosophers adopt the position that matter has some form of relationality and an element of difference. According to their argument, these qualities make matter active, unpredictable, self-creative, and productive. These new perceptions of matter foster alternative views regarding the influence and relationship between matter and discourses such as political and social realities. Coole and Frost engages significantly with the problem of dualism, which makes it problematic in dealing with the cultural theory. Within the context of new materialism, the two authors seek to entrench the view that the mind is essentially a material entity. By this position, new materialism challenges the views adopted by transcendentalism and humanism, which emphasize on the duality between the mind and the body. New materialism suggests that the body is the object of the mind and the two are not entirely separate but relate in one uniform continuum. It is important to regard new materialism in light of the different aspects that relate to it. For instance, by emphasizing on the primacy of the material, this new approach promotes the matter to a level that articulates various concerns that relate to the characteristic of various discourses. Other proponents of the position adopted by Coole and Frost suggest that matter feels, suffers,

The Effect of Tsunamis on Marine Life Research Paper

The Effect of Tsunamis on Marine Life - Research Paper Example The most common cause of tsunami is the undersea earthquake. Such earthquakes may be too small to trigger a tsunami, but they may help in landslides, which may trigger Tsunami. On 26th December, 2005, early morning, northwest of Sumatra saw a huge tsunami. The earthquake generated a tsunami that was among the deadliest disasters in modern history, killing well over 200,000 people. The most surprising fact about this disaster is that the tsunami was not generated in Pacific Ocean, but in Indian Ocean. The earthquake originated in the Indian Ocean just north of Simeulue Island, off the western coast of northern Sumatra, Indonasia. The resulting tsunami devastated the shores of Indonasia, Srilanka, South India, Thailand and other countries with waves up to 30m . The following picture shows the blow of tsunami to one of the sandy beaches in Srilanka. Caption: A devastated Sandy beach in Sri Lanka after the Tsunami in 2006. The tsunami of 2005 was just one example of this devastating natu ral disaster. There have been a number of incidences of tsunami across the world, that have produced enormous destructions in the affected nations. (Bryant pp. 3-7; Commonwealth Veterinary Association p. 1) General Impact of Tsunami on Marinelife The coastal ecosystem gets damaged due to tsunami. The mangroves, estuarine, sea grasses, mudflats and coral reefs are usually among the most affected ones. Most of these physical structures are damaged by the huge force, which the waves produce as shown in the following picture. Caption: Damages to the Physical structures in coastal region by the Tsunami in Chennai Physical removal of flora and fauna and increased sediment load kill sediment sensitive corals and sea grasses by smothering. The extent of this damage considerably varies on the basis of local topography and hydrology of the surrounding environment. Some of the general impacts of tsunami can be as follows: Saltwater intrusion is a chemical change that occurs in the Pacific Ocea n, which is now also being happening in the Indian Ocean. All these occur due to heavy run off from the sewage, even the decomposition formed by the flora as well as the fauna of that place. These also include un-recovered bodies as well. Exotic species which are used for aquaculture escape badly. The structure of the ecosystem biologically gets disrupted. Since the structure of the ecosystem alters due to tsunami, the whole ecosystem gets affected Since coral reefs are considered as the natural defense of the ecosystem and it is generally seen that the ecosystems of these areas are largely intact even after the hit by tsunamis. For example, the Surin Island, chain off Thailand’s west coast, may have survived better than areas where the coast has been modified by urban development, aquaculture and to the new formed ecosystem during the tsunami of 2005. Mangroves are generally considered to be very significant natural barricade as well as a source of high quality profitable ti mber. Tsunamis produce significant adverse effects on mangroves. For example, in the Tsunami of 2005 that hit the coasts of India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, etc., areas with highly dense mangroves areas suffered fewer human casualties and relatively less harm to physical properties compared to those areas that did not covered with mangroves. Tsunamis

How technology has affected history Research Paper

How technology has affected history - Research Paper Example Lives have been saved, businesses grow, environment is taken care of and everything seems to progress with the aide of technology. In particular, the recent breakthroughs in computers and internet have allowed people to connect to anybody anytime and anywhere despite of the distance geographically. Barriers have been overcome by the technology and people are able to enjoy the benefits. Despite of the benefits from technology, some downfalls are seen by scientists and other professionals throughout history. Those may pose hazard to the environment, human health, education, morals and many more. There are many factors involved in those negative consequences of using technology but those are not signs of the end of the world. They may signal the need for change, innovation and further studies to create new solutions to the spurring problems and challenges for the betterment of the world towards sustainability. As technology has been noted in the preceding paragraphs, reflecting upon the changes as it passes through the history may give a clear picture and understanding to the readers regarding the importance and impact of technology to human existence. History has been divided into different eras and for the study, three eras would be mentioned and discussed: Renaissance Era, Industrial Revolution Era, and Atomic Era. Each era would be provided with introductions and the technologies used for each. Afterwards, the advantages and disadvantages of the technology for each era would be analyzed and compared and contrasted to other technology from other eras. Renaissance started since the time of the High Middle Ages wherein various improvements happened in terms of the economy, society, politics and intellects. Its roots came from the Renaissance of the 12th century which was considered to be the developments to sprout at the latter part of the Middle Ages. It became the avenue for the advancement in arts, literature and science although scientific developments occurr ed at the latter part of Renaissance.1 Renaissance originally means rebirth and it was a cultural movement that spanned from the 14th century to 17th century and became a wide-scale movement throughout Europe. It had produced the paper and type sped that allowed quicker dissemination of knowledge but still some nations in Europe had not experienced its boom equally. In terms of literature, it developed the Latin literature across the Western continent and the popularity was attributed to Petrarch. In particular, he had made linear perspective and other artistic techniques together with the reformation of education.2 The developments had given way to the practices in the Modern Era such as the conventions in politics through diplomacy and the importance of observation that became the primary tool for science. Renaissance had also catered to the developments of the polymaths who were considered to be geniuses in various fields of knowledge and abilities like Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. They were known as Renaissance man as being such is attributed to the name of the era. Various issues had been laid down with the concept of the polymaths and even with the name Renaissance and its very existence.3 Some viewed Renaissance as just a part of the former eras with high respect for classical ages as culture and arts flourished. Nostalgia